ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#Ambient fine particle (PM@*METHODS@#A time-stratified case-crossover design was used to analyze YLL from respiratory diseases in the elderly related to ambient PM@*RESULTS@#Each 10 μg/m@*CONCLUSIONS@#Birth season which reflects the early-life PM
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Air Pollutants/analysis , Cause of Death , China/epidemiology , Cross-Over Studies , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Life Expectancy , Particulate Matter/analysis , Respiration Disorders/mortality , SeasonsABSTRACT
Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la mortalidad durante las olas de calor en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, para el período 2005-2015. Utilizamos un diseño de series temporales con modelos aditivos generalizados, vinculando mortalidad con días de ola de calor en todo el período, y con días de la ola de calor de 2013, la más prolongada desde el año 1906, controlando por variables temporales, temperatura media y humedad. Encontramos que el riesgo de muerte por causas naturales se incrementa en un 14% (RR = 1,140; IC95%: 1,108-1,173) durante las olas de calor, respecto al resto de los días del semestre cálido. El incremento se da en ambos sexos y en todos los grupos de edad, siendo más afectados los menores de 15 (RR = 1,167; IC95%: 1,019-1,335) y los mayores de 84 años (RR = 1,201; IC95%: 1,098-1,313). En la ola de calor de diciembre de 2013 aumentaron 43% (RR = 1,428; IC95%: 1,399-1,457) las muertes diarias totales, valor que sube al 51% para el grupo de mayores de 84 años (RR = 1,515; IC95%: 1,372-1,674) y al 65% (RR = 1,647; IC95%: 1,367-1,986) para las causas renales. Concluimos que las olas de calor constituyen un factor significativo de riesgo de muerte, diferente según sexo y edad, para la población de la ciudad de Buenos Aires.
Abstract: This study aimed to analyze mortality during heat waves in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 2005-2015. We used a time series design with generalized additive models, linking mortality to days of heat waves throughout the period, and to days of the heat wave in 2013, the longest wave since 1906, controlling for time variables, mean temperature, and humidity. Risk of death from natural causes increased by 14% (RR = 1.140; 95%CI: 1.108-1.173) during heat waves when compared to the other days in the hot season. The increase occurred in both sexes and in all age groups, and individuals under 15 years of age were more affected (RR = 1.167; 95%CI: 1.019-1.335) as were those over 84 years (RR = 1.201; 95%CI: 1.098-1.313). The heat wave in December 2013 showed an increase of 43% (RR = 1.428; 95%CI: 1.399-1.457) in total daily deaths, increasing to 51% in individuals over 84 years (RR = 1.515; 95%CI: 1.372-1.674) and 65% (RR = 1.647; 95%CI: 1.367-1.986) for renal causes. We conclude that heat waves pose a significant risk of death, differing according to sex and age in the population of Buenos Aires.
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a mortalidade durante as ondas de calor na cidade de Buenos Aires, Argentina, no período de 2005-2015. Foi usado um desenho de séries temporais com modelos aditivos generalizados, vinculando a mortalidade com dias de onda de calor em todo o período, e com dias da onda de calor em 2013, a mais prolongada desde o ano de 1906, controlando através de variáveis temporais, temperatura media e umidade. Encontramos que o risco de morte por causas naturais teve um incremento de 14% (RR = 1,140; IC95%: 1,108-1,173) durante as ondas de calor, ao respeito do resto dos dias do semestre cálido. O incremento se produz em ambos os sexos e em todos os grupos de idade, sendo mais afetados os menores de 15 (RR = 1,167; IC95%: 1,019-1,335) e os maiores de 84 anos (RR = 1,201; IC95%: 1,098-1,313). Na onda de calor que ocorreu em dezembro de 2013 aumentaram um 43% (RR = 1,428; IC95%: 1,399-1,457) as mortes diárias totais, valor que sobe a 51% para o grupo de pessoas maiores de 84 anos (RR = 1,515; IC95%: 1,372-1,674) e a 65% (RR = 1,647; IC95%: 1,367-1,986) para as causas renais, Concluímos que as ondas de calor constituem um fator significativo de risco de morte, diferente segundo o sexo e idade, para a população da cidade de Buenos Aires.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Mortality/trends , Extreme Heat/adverse effects , Argentina/epidemiology , Respiration Disorders/mortality , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Cause of Death , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Exposure to nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by burning fossil fuels has been associated with respiratory diseases. We aimed to estimate the effects of NOx exposure on mortality owing to respiratory diseases in residents of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil, of all ages and both sexes. This time-series ecological study from August 1, 2011 to July 31, 2012 used information on deaths caused by respiratory diseases obtained from the Health Department of Taubaté. Estimated daily levels of pollutants (NOx, particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide) were obtained from the Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. These environmental variables were used to adjust the multipollutant model for apparent temperature. To estimate association between hospitalizations owing to asthma and air pollutants, generalized additive Poisson regression models were developed, with lags as much as 5 days. There were 385 deaths with a daily mean (±SD) of 1.05±1.03 (range: 0-5). Exposure to NOx was significantly associated with mortality owing to respiratory diseases: relative risk (RR)=1.035 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.008-1.063) for lag 2, RR=1.064 (95%CI: 1.017-1.112) lag 3, RR=1.055 (95%CI: 1.025-1.085) lag 4, and RR=1.042 (95%CI: 1.010-1.076) lag 5. A 3 µg/m3 reduction in NOx concentration resulted in a decrease of 10-18 percentage points in risk of death caused by respiratory diseases. Even at NOx concentrations below the acceptable standard, there is association with deaths caused by respiratory diseases.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Nitric Oxide/toxicity , Respiration Disorders/etiology , Respiration Disorders/mortality , Air Pollution/analysis , Brazil/epidemiology , Carbon Monoxide/toxicity , Ozone/toxicity , Poisson Distribution , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Risk , ThermosensingABSTRACT
This study aimed to analyze trends in the 10 leading causes of death in Korea from 1983 to 2012. Death rates were derived from the Korean Statistics Information Service database and age-adjusted to the 2010 population. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to identify the points when statistically significant changes occurred in the trends. Between 1983 and 2012, the age-standardized death rate (ASR) from all causes decreased by 61.6% for men and 51.2% for women. ASRs from malignant neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, and transport accidents increased initially before decreasing. ASRs from hypertensive diseases, heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and diseases of the liver showed favorable trends (ASR % change: -94.4%, -53.8%, -76.0%, and -78.9% for men, and -77.1%, -36.5%, -67.8%, and -79.9% for women, respectively). ASRs from pneumonia decreased until the mid-1990s and thereafter increased. ASRs from intentional self-harm increased persistently since around 1990 (ASR % change: 122.0% for men and 217.4% for women). In conclusion, death rates from all causes in Korea decreased significantly in the last three decades except in the late 1990s. Despite the great strides made in the overall mortality, temporal trends varied widely by cause. Mortality trends for malignant neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, pneumonia and intentional self-harm were unfavorable.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Accidents, Traffic , Age Distribution , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Causality , Cause of Death/trends , Comorbidity , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Liver Diseases/mortality , Neoplasms/mortality , Republic of Korea/epidemiology , Respiration Disorders/mortality , Sex DistributionABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Comparar os índices de mortalidade por doenças respiratórias em idosos residentes no Distrito Federal (DF) antes e após a implantação da campanha nacional de vacinação contra influenza. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais. Os dados referentes à população do DF acima de 60 anos entre 1996 e 2009 foram obtidos de bancos de dados oficiais. As variáveis estudadas foram o coeficiente de mortalidade geral (CMG), coeficiente de mortalidade por doenças respiratórias (CMDR) e índice de mortalidade por causas respiratórias (IMR). Foi realizada uma análise qualitativa dos dados referentes ao período antes e após a implantação da campanha de vacinação (1996-1999 e 2000-2009, respectivamente). RESULTADOS: O CMG aumentou com o incremento da faixa etária. No decorrer do período do estudo, houve uma redução no CMG em todas as faixas etárias, especialmente naquela com 80 anos ou mais. Houve redução do CMDR em todos os grupos etários, especialmente naqueles com mais de 80 anos. O IMR mostrou uma redução em todas as faixas etárias por todo o período estudado. Em 2000, ano imediatamente subsequente à primeira campanha vacinal, a redução do IMR foi mais pronunciada na faixa etária > 70 anos; em 2001, houve um aumento do IMR em todas as faixas etárias, apesar da maior adesão à campanha de vacinação em relação a 2000. CONCLUSÕES: A vacinação contra a influenza parece influir positivamente na prevenção da mortalidade por doenças respiratórias, particularmente nos idosos com 70 anos ou mais.
OBJECTIVE: To compare mortality rates due to respiratory diseases among elderly individuals residing in the Federal District of Brasília, Brazil, prior to and after the implementation of a national influenza vaccination campaign. METHODS: This was an ecological time series analysis. Data regarding the population of individuals who were over 60 years of age between 1996 and 2009 were obtained from official databases. The variables of interest were the crude mortality rate (CMR), the mortality rate due to the respiratory disease (MRRD), and the proportional mortality ratio (PMR) for respiratory diseases. We performed a qualitative analysis of the data for the period prior to and after the implementation of the vaccination campaign (1996-1999 and 2000-2009, respectively). RESULTS: The CMR increased with advancing age. Over the course of the study period, we observed reductions in the CMR in all of the age brackets studied, particularly among those aged 80 years or older. Reductions in the MRRD were also found in all of the age groups, especially in those aged 80 years or older. In addition, there was a decrease in the PMR for respiratory diseases in all age groups throughout the study period. The most pronounced decrease in the PMR for respiratory diseases in the > 70 year age bracket occurred in 2000 (immediately following the implementation of the national vaccination campaign); in 2001, that rate increased in all age groups, despite the greater adherence to the vaccination campaign in comparison with that recorded for 2000. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccination appears to have a positive impact on the prevention of mortality due to respiratory diseases, particularly in the population aged 70 or over.
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Middle Aged , Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Respiration Disorders/mortality , Vaccination/mortality , Brazil/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/mortality , Time Factors , Vaccination/adverse effectsABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Verificar se indivíduos portadores de DPOC com disfunção diafragmática apresentam maior risco de mortalidade quando comparados àqueles sem disfunção diafragmática. MÉTODOS: Foi avaliada a função pulmonar, a mobilidade diafragmática, a qualidade de vida e o índice conhecido como Body mass index, airway Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise capacity (BODE) em 42 pacientes portadores de DPOC. Os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos de acordo com a gravidade do acometimento da mobilidade do diafragma: grupo de baixa mobilidade (BM; mobilidade < 33,99 mm) e grupo de alta mobilidade (AM; mobilidade > 34,00 mm). O índice BODE e a qualidade de vida foram quantificados nos dois grupos. Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados prospectivamente por um período de até 48 meses a fim de identificarmos o número de óbitos decorrentes de complicações respiratórias devido a DPOC. RESULTADOS: Dos 42 pacientes avaliados, 20 foram classificados no grupo BM, e 22 foram alocados no grupo AM. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto à faixa etária, hiperinsuflação pulmonar e fatores relacionados à qualidade de vida entre os grupos. Entretanto, o grupo BM apresentou maior pontuação no índice BODE em relação ao grupo AM (p = 0,01). O acompanhamento dos pacientes ao longo de 48 meses permitiu identificar quatro óbitos na população estudada, sendo todos os casos no grupo BM (15,79 por cento; p = 0,02). CONCLUSÕES: Esses resultados sugerem que pacientes portadores de DPOC com disfunção diafragmática, caracterizada por uma baixa mobilidade do diafragma, apresentam maior risco de mortalidade quando comparados àqueles sem disfunção diafragmática.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether COPD patients with diaphragmatic dysfunction present higher risk of mortality than do those without such dysfunction. METHODS: We evaluated pulmonary function, diaphragm mobility and quality of life, as well as determining the Body mass index, airway Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise capacity (BODE) index, in 42 COPD patients. The patients were allocated to two groups according to the degree to which diaphragm mobility was impaired: low mobility (LM; mobility < 33.99 mm); and high mobility (HM; mobility > 34.00 mm). The BODE index and the quality of life were quantified in both groups. All patients were followed up prospectively for up to 48 months in order to determine the number of deaths resulting from respiratory complications due to COPD. RESULTS: Of the 42 patients evaluated, 20 were allocated to the LM group, and 22 were allocated to the HM group. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding age, lung hyperinflation or quality of life. However, BODE index values were higher in the LM group than in the HM group (p = 0.01). During the 48-month follow-up period, there were four deaths within the population studied, and all of those deaths occurred in the LM group (15.79 percent; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that COPD patients with diaphragmatic dysfunction, characterized by low diaphragm mobility, have a higher risk of death than do those without such dysfunction.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Diaphragm , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/mortality , Respiration Disorders/mortality , Body Mass Index , Diaphragm/physiopathology , Epidemiologic Methods , Movement/physiology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Quality of Life , Risk Factors , Respiration Disorders/physiopathologyABSTRACT
As queimadas na região amazônica têm sido um problema ambiental grave. Poucos estudos relacionam os efeitos das queimadas sobre a saúde das populações expostas. Este artigo tem por objetivo estudar a tendência da mortalidade por doenças respiratórias em idosos, selecionadas no período de 1998 a 2005, no Estado de Rondônia, e correlacionar com o número de focos de queimadas. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo do tipo ecológico. Os registros de óbitos foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade do SUS (SIM/SUS) e os registros de dados sobre os focos de queimadas foram obtidos através de banco de dados online disponível publicamente no Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. Os resultados mostraram uma tendência de crescimento nas taxas de mortalidade por doenças do aparelho respiratório (DAR) e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), entre os idosos acima de 65 anos, e também uma tendência de crescimento do número de focos de calor. Houve uma correlação positiva e significante entre número de focos de queimadas e as taxas de mortalidade por DAR e DPOC, o que explica entre 50 por cento e 80 por cento da mortalidade pelas doenças estudadas em idosos na região. Estes resultados demonstram a gravidade do problema das queimadas e o impacto sobre a saúde respiratória da população, principalmente sobre a mortalidade em idosos.
The forest fires in the Amazon region have been a serious environmental problem. Few studies relate the effects of forest fires on the health of exposed populations. This article aims to study the trend of mortality from respiratory diseases in the elderly, in the period 1998 to 2005, in the state of Rondônia and to correlate with the number of fire focuses. This is a descriptive study of the type of ecological. The death certificates were obtained from the Mortality Information System and the registers of data on the focus of fire have been obtained through online database available publicly in the National Space Research Institute. The results had shown a trend of growth in mortality rates for respiratory disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among elderly over 65 years and also a growing trend in the number of focus of heat. There was a positive and significant correlation between the number of fire focuses and mortality rates respiratory diseases and COPD, which explains around 50 percent to 80 percent of deaths by diseases in the elderly in the region studied. These results demonstrate the gravity of the problem of forest fires and the impact on respiratory health of the population, mainly on mortality in the elderly.
Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Fires , Respiration Disorders/mortality , Trees , Brazil , Mortality/trends , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Background: Temuco (304,000 inhabitants) has high levels of air pollution, mainly due to fine particulate matter of less than 10 µm (PM10). The effects of this pollution on population health have not been studied. Aim: To study the short-term effects of PM10 on daily mortality in Temuco, in Southern Chile, due to respiratory and cardiovascular causes. Material and methods: We followed the APHEA methodology (Air Pollution and Health European Approach) by estimating poisson multivariate regression models and controlling by trends, seasonality and meteorology. The PM10 variable was introduced after controlling by the confounders and checking by statistical adjustment and autocorrelation of errors. Mortality data was obtained from the Ministry of Health, registering age, gender, place of residence and cause of death. Cancer, respiratory and cardiovascular deaths, occurring between 1997 and 2002, were recorded for this study. Results: There was a significant and positive association between PM10 concentration and daily mortality caused by respiratory disease (p-value=0.046, relative risk (RR) 1.236, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.004-1.522) and cardiovascular diseases in people aged 65 years and more (p-value=0.042; RR 1.176 95% CI 1.006-1.374). Conclusions: There is a significant association between daily air pollution by PM10 particulate matter and mortality in Temuco, Chile.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Humans , Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Particulate Matter , Respiration Disorders/mortality , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Air Pollution/prevention & control , Cause of Death , Chile/epidemiology , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Environmental Monitoring , Particulate Matter/adverse effects , Poisson Distribution , Regression Analysis , Risk , SeasonsABSTRACT
A hipercapnia permissiva consiste na limitacao deliberada do suporte ventilatorio para impedir hiperdistensao pulmonar (global ou regional), permitindo niveis de PaCo2 acima de 50 mmHg. Assim, faz parte de uma estrategia de ventilacao artificial que visa a protecao do pulmao, podendo ser aplicada tanto em pacientes graves em crise asmatica necessitando de ventilacao mecanica, quanto em pacientes com seus pulmoes ja lesados pela sindrome do desconforto respiratorio agudo, permitindo niveis mais elevados de gas carbonico circulantes. Sera discutido neste artigo, a tecnica para sua aplicacao e os ultimos resultados de estudos comparando-a com a ventilacao mecanica convencional.